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MAIN THEMES OF COM. 425 News as a marketable commodity Objectivity in reporting Freedom from government censorship Appeals to mass audiences Advertiser support Media as business enterprises Explosive technological change
ENGLAND AND THE COLONIES Stationers' Guild (printing monopoly until 1695) Benjamin Harris (Publick Occurrences, BFAD) John Campbell (Boston Newsletter) William Brooker (Boston Gazette) James Franklin (New England Courant) Andrew Bradford (Philadelphia Mercury) Ben Franklin (Penn. Gazette) William Bradford (NY Gazette) John Peter Zenger libel trial Andrew Hamilton
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party "Intolerable Acts" Thomas Paine (essayist - Common Sense/TAC) Isaiah Thomas (Massachusetts Spy) Edes and Gill (Boston Gazette) James Rivington (Royal Gazette) John Dickinson (essayist - LfaFiP)
FEDERALIST POSITION Strong central government Cooperation with England Allied with business/professions
ANTI-FEDERALIST POSITION Weak central government Sympathy for states' rights Cooperation with France Allied with small farmers
THE PRESS IN THE FEDERALIST PERIOD Federalists: John Fenno (Gazette of the U.S.) William Cobbett (Porcupine's Gazette) Noah Webster (American Minerva) Alexander Hamilton (bankrolled NY Post)
Anti-Federalists: Thomas Jefferson (3rd president) Philip Freneau (National Gazette) Benjamin Franklin Bache (Gen'l Advertiser) Gales & Seaton (National Intelligencer)
Concepts: Federalist Papers Alien and Sedition Acts - 1798 Croswell libel trial/"Hamilton Doctrine"
THE MERCANTILE PRESS David Hale (Journal of Commerce) James Watson Webb (Courier and Enquirer) William Coleman/William Cullen Bryant (NY Eve. Post) New York Harbor Assn. (newsboat races) Kendall & Blair (Washington Globe)
TRENDS OF THE 1830 ERA Increasing literacy Population growth to 12 million Industrial/retail business growth Growing cities, notably New York Westward expansion Technological advances in printing Emergence of the news function Major transportation improvements Speed as a factor in newsgathering
THE BIRTH OF THE PENNY PRESS
New York Herald - 1835 (James Gordon Bennett) New York Tribune - 1841 (Horace Greeley) New York Times - 1851 (Raymond/Jones) Elsewhere: Philadelphia Public Ledger - 1836 (Swain/Abell) Baltimore Sun - 1837 (A.S. Abell)
CONCEPTS/EVENTS: "London Plan" Sensationalism Moon hoax Moral War of 1840 Associated Press
TRENDS OF THE 1840S AND 1850S Growth in the news function/the telegraph Cooperative newsgathering/Associated Press Inverted pyramid style/objectivity Elimination of page one advertising Growing use of "wood cut" illustrations
EARLY MAGAZINE JOURNALISM Greeley's Weekly Tribune Godey's Lady's Book Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper Harper's Weekly (note also Harper's Monthly) Atlantic Monthly
THE PRESS AND THE NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT Southern journalism
Abolitionist journalism
Early African-/Native-American journalism
Rising tensions
Covering the Civil War
TRENDS IN AMERICA, 1865-1900 Urbanization and population growth
"The new immigration" Industrialization
"Jingoism" and imperialism Education through high school Technological change
LEADING EDITORS, 1865-1890 (PRE-HEARST) Charles A. Dana (New York Sun) James Gordon Bennett, Jr. (New York Herald) Henry Grady (Atlanta Constitution) "Marse Henry" Watterson (Louisville Courier-Journal) William Rockhill Nelson (Kansas City Star) Joseph Pulitzer (St. Louis Post-Dispatch, New York World)
AMERICAN CAPITALISTS IN THE "GILDED AGE" John D. Rockefeller (oil) Andrew Carnegie (steel) Vanderbilt, Gould, J.P. Morgan (finance) Stanford, Huntington, Hill, Pullman (railroads) Swift, Armour (meat packing)
JOSEPH PULITZER Born - 1847 in Hungary Arrived in U.S. at age 17 Served in Union Army (!) Reporter for (SL) Westliche Post - 1868 Bought/sold newspapers, served in Mo. Legislature Bought St. Louis Dispatch, merged with Post, 1878 Perfected techniques of "new journalism" in St. Louis Bought New York World, 1883 Became #1 U.S. publisher by 1885 Circulation war with Hearst, 1895-1900
Conceded mass circulation to Hearst Died - 1911, endowed Pulitzer Prizes
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST Born - 1863 in San Francisco, Calif. Went east to attend Harvard, 1882
Given control of S.F. Examiner, 1887 Hired top talent from other papers, used crusades, sensationalism, championed working classes Got $7.5 million from mother, bought N.Y. Journal, 1895 Practiced all-out sensationalism, raided Pulitzer's staff repeatedly Campaigned for Spanish-American War, 1898 Built chain of newspapers, 1900-1930
Married Millicent Wilson, 1903 Ran for Congress, N.Y. mayor, governor, president, 1900-1910 Began 30-year affair with Marion Davies and started
Died - 1951 (after 64-year career in journalism)
Charles Foster Kane / William Randolph Hearst
Sent away from home / Taken everywhere Mother fell into $$$ / Father struck it rich Got Inquirer by chance / Got Journal by design Twice divorced / Never divorced Pushed career of inept / Pushed career of #2 wife Marion Davies Political career ruined / Political career ruined
Built Xanadu in Florida / Built castle in Calif. Left crumbling empire / Left empire largely intact
PRINT JOURNALISM EARLY IN THE 20TH CENTURY The era of muckraking
The growth of chains
Syndication/wire services Rebirth of the New York Times
Tabloid journalism
Newsmagazines
PRINT JOURNALISM IN A MULTIMEDIA WORLD Suburban dailies "Shoppers" "McPaper" - USA Today Chains: Gannett, Newhouse, Knight, Murdoch Dominance of a.m. editions Consolidation of old dailies:
WARTIME JOURNALISM Sedition Act - 1918
World War I Committee on Public Information
World War II Office of War Information
WWII Office of Censorship
McCarthyism - the Red Scare Vietnam - "the living room war" Press access restrictions Grenada Persian Gulf
EMPIRE OF THE AIR
Guglielmo Marconi
Lee De Forest
Edwin H. Armstrong
David Sarnoff
William S. Paley -founded CBS
MAJOR EVENTS IN BROADCAST HISTORY Wireless: Marconi spans Atlantic - 1901 AM radio: DeForest builds first 3-element
AM radio: Armstrong invents regeneration,
FM radio: Armstrong develops FM - 1930s
Radio broadcasting begins
TELEVISION MILESTONES NBC demonstration at World's Fair - 1939 Postwar TV begins - 1946 FCC channel freeze - 1948-52 Sixth Report and Order - 1952
NTSC color standard adopted over superior
Quiz show scandals, payola, plugola - 1950s 1961 Newton Minow's "Wasteland" speech 1962 All-Channel Receiver Act PBS emerges as alternative to Big 3 - 1960s Explosive growth of cable - 1980s 1984 Cable Act: deregulation 1992 Cable Act: reregulation (big time) Fox Network challenges Big 3 dominance - 1990s Big 3 networks involved in corporate takeovers (GE/NBC, Westinghouse/CBS, Disney/ABC) 1996 Telecommunications Act: fosters competition
INTERMEDIA COMPETITION Newspapers try to halt radio news - 1930s
Movie production cut in half - 1948-52
Radio switches to music/DJs - 1950s Big feature magazines lose advertisers to
1961 Multiplex stereo makes FM viable - 1961 Nonduplication rule - 1965 Dominance of Big 5 movie studios ends - 1960s Hollywood tries to break Big 3 dominance of
Ted Turner/other cable leaders take on Big 3
1996 Telecommunications Act allows telco-cable
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING Early advertising: a "favor" to subscribers Ben Franklin: first to make money on ads Penny press: Low price = mass circulation
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper:
First successful agency: Volney B. Palmer (ca. 1841)
George P. Rowell/Horace Dodd (Boston, 1864)
N.W. Ayer (+son Francis Wayland Ayer) (ca. 1869)
Albert Lasker (ca. 1900s) at Lord & Thomas
Stanley Resor (ca. 1920s) at J.Walter Thompson
Advertising fraud laws: Printer's Ink law (1911) FTC created - 1914 (major role in advertising
AAAA formed - 1917 NARB formed - 1971 (by AAAA, AAF, ANA, BBB) Modern trends:
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